Who is armenian

Since its independence from the Soviet Union, Armenia has been focusing on small-scale agriculture. In , the state-run industries, including agriculture, were immediately privatized as Armenia adopted a Western-style economic system. Major Industries. During Soviet rule, Armenia began to develop and concentrate on computer-based high technology, alongside a manufacturing sphere, the production of brandy, heavy industry, and mining. The blockade of the country by Azerbaijan led to a fuel shortage that often left its industries at a standstill.

Nuclear energy was shut down after the earthquake as well, but production was resumed after a few years for lack of other reliable sources of energy. Armenia has been subject to an economic blockade since the early s by its neighboring countries, with the exception of Iran and Georgia. Trade relations are newly developing. Armenia exports woven and knit apparel; beverages, including brandy; preserved fruits; art and handicrafts; books; precious stones; metals; and electrical machinery. Classes and Castes.

For several centuries until the end of monarchic historical Armenia in and Cilicia in , there were aristocratic noble houses with their respective court-related responsibilities. Afterwards, the notion of a generalized middle class emerged. Most Armenians were peasants until the turn of the twentieth century. During the Soviet era, class was de-emphasized. A new elite had emerged, however, based on the nomenclature or system that prevailed during Soviet rule.

The republic of Armenia is a democratic constitutional state. A constitution was adopted by national referendum in July Parliamentary elections were held in July and May Presidential elections were held in March In , fifteen parties and six political blocs took part in parliamentary elections.

Leadership and Political Officials. Robert Kocharian was the second president elected in the republic of Armenia since its independence. There is an elected national assembly Azgayin Joghov , or parliament. The cabinet is formed by a prime minister designated by the president. Social Problems and Control.

During Soviet rule, Armenia had followed Soviet criminal and civil law. Since independence, a new autonomous legal system has been developing. The post independence period has also witnessed a rise in awareness in the media of organized crime and sex service rings. Military Activity. Gradually, an autonomous army and defense system are being developed.

During the Soviet period, there was a well-established welfare system. Since then, the social welfare system has been affected by the economic crisis. Although the old age security system or pension is still in place, the amount of funding designated as monthly payment is not sufficient to maintain a subsistence living.

The number of organizations registered as of 31 December broke down as follows: seventy-six political parties, 1, nongovernmental organizations NGOs , and Media Outlets. Division of Labor by Gender. Armenian culture has historically stressed a division of domains among the sexes.

Women and men both worked outside the home. In the domestic sphere, women had no choice when it came to the chores. It was their duty and responsibility to maintain the household. Women and men have equal access to all sectors of the economy. Nevertheless, only five banks, out of the total of 57, are managed by women. In terms of employment, there is a high rate of women's participation in the labor force. Also there is "equal pay for work of equal value.

As a result, the average salary of women constitutes two thirds of men's salaries. The main work areas of women are in the sectors of education and health. The percentage of women working in industry is 40—42 percent. Women constitute Women also account for most of An Armenian woman drying grain beside the road in Garni Village, circa Historically, Armenian women were viewed as having responsibility for domestic chores and maintaining their households.

The Relative Status of Women and Men. During the first republic of Armenia — , women enjoyed equal voting and election rights. Four women were elected to the national parliament and one woman, Diana Apgar, became the ambassador to Japan. During the Soviet period, in spite of the legislation that stressed women's equality at all levels, women found it difficult to get into the higher decision-making processes.

In , during the first democratic elections in the newly independent republic of Armenia, women candidates won in only nine constituencies out of , representing only 3. None of the permanent parliamentary committees include any female members.

Armenians are monogamous. In some cases, marriages are arranged. The accepted practice is to avoid marriage with close kin of up to seven kin-distances. Because of housing shortages in Soviet Armenia, the new couple resided with the groom's family patrilocality.

The preference, however, has been and continues to be for neolocality, that is, the new couple forming a new household. Domestic Unit. The married couple and their offspring constitute the domestic unit. During Soviet rule, the domestic unit consisted of a multi generational family. Often paternal grandparents, their married offspring, and unmarried aunts and uncles resided together. In pre-Soviet times, each region had its own preference.

The most common domestic unit, however, was a patrilocal multi generational family. Although inheritance laws have undergone changes and reforms over the years, historically, men and women have been treated equally. Diaspora Armenian communities follow the inheritance laws of their respective countries. Kin Groups. Kin relations are bilateral.

Descent, however, is determined by the patrilineal line. Infant Care. Mothers are seen as the main providers of infant care. During Soviet rule, free infant day care was available to all, but Armenians preferred to leave their infants with grandmothers and Armenian folk dancers in Yerevan.

Armenia has a long tradition of musical art dating back to prehistoric times. Day-care workers were also mainly women. During the Soviet era, women were guaranteed their employment after a prolonged, paid maternity leave.

The practice has continued after independence, pending new reforms, which observers fear may decrease paid maternity leave. Child Rearing and Education. Women are considered to be the bearers and transmitters of culture, customs, and tradition and are seen as responsible for child rearing. Children are highly valued and they occupy the center of attention in households until they reach puberty. At puberty they are disciplined and are expected to take on responsibilities.

Education is valued and is given great weight as an agent of socialization. In Armenia throughout the twentieth century, education was free and accessible to all. Because of privatization trends in the post reindependence period, however, there are fears that education may not remain accessible to all. Higher Education. Armenia has stressed free access to education. A national policy directed at the elimination of illiteracy began in the first republic — and continued in Soviet times, resulting in a nearly percent literacy rate.

Women enjoy equal rights at all levels of education. A private higher education system was introduced in Although there is no discrimination on the basis of sex, some fields have become labeled "female.

In arts and education women constitute 78 percent of the students, in economics the number drops to Armenians put great emphasis on hospitality and generosity. There is also an emphasis on respect for guests. Religious Beliefs. Christianity has been the state religion in Armenia since During Soviet rule, religious expression was not encouraged.

The emphasis was on atheism. Armenians had continued to attend church, however, in particular for life-crisis events and rites of passage. The majority of Armenians adhere to the Armenian Apostolic Church.

There are also adherents to Catholic, Evangelical, and Protestant denominations. The church has been a symbol of national culture. It has been seen as the home of Armenians and the bearer of Armenian culture. A temple cut into a Tufa rockface. Religious Practitioners.

The two sees are organized differently. Each has its own educational system and hierarchy of priests. Among the Armenians there are celibate and married priests. There are also two patriarchates: one in Istanbul and another in Jerusalem.

Haber, M. Genetic evidence for an origin of the Armenians from Bronze Age mixing of multiple populations. Eur J Hum Genet 24, — Download citation. Received : 17 February Revised : 12 July Accepted : 21 July Published : 21 October Issue Date : June Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Molecular Genetics and Genomics BMC Medical Genetics Human Genetics BMC Genetics Investigative Genetics Advanced search.

Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Subjects Genotype Population genetics. Abstract The Armenians are a culturally isolated population who historically inhabited a region in the Near East bounded by the Mediterranean and Black seas and the Caucasus, but remain under-represented in genetic studies and have a complex history including a major geographic displacement during World War I. Introduction Insights into the human past come from diverse areas including history, archaeology, linguistics, and, increasingly, genetics.

Figure 1. Full size image. Admixture analysis We used f3 statistics 18 f3 A; B,C , where a significantly negative statistic provides evidence that A is derived from an admixture of populations related to B and C. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Discussion The origins of the Armenians and their cultural uniqueness are poorly understood. Article Google Scholar Download references. Acknowledgements We thank the sample donors for making this study possible.

View author publications. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no conflict of interest. Additional information Supplementary Information accompanies this paper on European Journal of Human Genetics website. Supplementary information. Supplementary Table 1 XLS 37 kb. Supplementary Figure 1 JPG kb. Supplementary Figure 2 JPG kb. Supplementary Figure 3 JPG kb. Supplementary Figure 4 JPG kb. Supplementary Information DOC 47 kb. Rights and permissions This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.

About this article. Cite this article Haber, M. Copy to clipboard. Balanovsky , M. This reference article is mainly selected from the English Wikipedia with only minor checks and changes see www.

See also our Disclaimer. Anthem: Mer Hayrenik "Our Fatherland". Patron saint: St. Bartholomew the Apostle St. Jude Thaddeus the Apostle. After the Ottomans surrendered in , the leaders of the Young Turks fled to Germany, which promised not to prosecute them for the genocide. However, a group of Armenian nationalists devised a plan, known as Operation Nemesis, to track down and assassinate the leaders of the genocide. Ever since then, the Turkish government has denied that a genocide took place.

The Armenians were an enemy force, they argue, and their slaughter was a necessary war measure. Turkey is an important ally of the United States and other Western nations, and so their governments had been slow to condemn the long-ago killings.

In March , a U. Congressional panel voted to recognize the genocide. On October 29, , the U. House of Representatives passed a resolution that recognized the Armenian genocide. And on April 24, , President Biden issued a statement, saying, "The American people honor all those Armenians who perished in the genocide that began years ago today. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present.

Genocide is a term used to describe violence against members of a national, ethnic, racial or religious group with the intent to destroy the entire group. The word came into general usage only after World War II, when the full extent of the atrocities committed by the Nazi During the Rwandan genocide of , members of the Hutu ethnic majority in the east-central African nation of Rwanda murdered as many as , people, mostly of the Tutsi minority. Started by Hutu nationalists in the capital of Kigali, the genocide spread throughout the In April , the government of the Yugoslav republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina declared its independence from Yugoslavia.

Over the next several years, Bosnian Serb forces, with the backing of the Serb-dominated Yugoslav army, perpetrated atrocious crimes against Bosniak Bosnian